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Primates - Silvery Gibbon
Topic Started: Dec 6 2014, 06:52 PM (2,615 Views)
Ignacio
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Ex Corrupt Staff

Silvery Gibbon
Hylobates moloch

Posted Image

General Information

Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Hylobatidae
Genus: Hylobates
Species: moloch

Location and Habitat
The silvery gibbon lives exclusively on the island of Java (Indonesia), where it inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rain forests.
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Conservation Status
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Sizes
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In Zoos
Type of Exhibit: Gibbons held within zoos are general y in this environment long term and should be provided with maximum space and opportunity to exhibit normal behaviours. Exhibits should also be able to accommodate the normal social structure. Gibbon exhibits should ideal y be longer than wide to maximise abilityto brachiate in a given area. The exhibit should also be as high as possible in relation to both the ground and public viewing areas.

Public viewing (i.e. head height of the public) should be from one point only and below the majority of the usable area of the exhibit. The enclosure should contain visual barriers, which al ow visual escape from both cage mates and the public.

Fresh water should always available in the exhibit, the holding area and the night quarters. Water sources should be placed in the enclosure in such a way as to reduce contamination.

Climbing structures need to have a large percentage of movablity. Ideal inter-structure distance (e.g. bars and ropes) is 2m. Climbing structures must be a least 2 meters from the ground. There should be at least two platforms for every gibbon housed in an exhibit. In a zoo environment the majority of the climbing structures must be 5m from the public. Ideal y arboreal pathways should be provided for the gibbons at three vertical levels using trees, ropes and platforms.

If housed in outdoor island type of enclosure, the sides of the island should be constructed in such a way as to al ow the gibbons to easily climb out of the water if they fal close to the islandís edge. Though island exhibits are not recommended due to the high reported incident of drowning in gibbons. (Gibbons are unable to swim.) In addition, ful y enclosed exhibits provide more usable arboreal space than island or moated enclosures of similar surface area

If possible, three quarters of the exhibit should be in shade in summer and one quarter in winter. Sufficient amount of shelters must be provided to prevent dominant animals from denying access to the subordinate animals. In open enclosures shade structures at least 3m above climbing structure.

Where possible, in the zoo environment there should be one night quarter per gibbon. Floors should be concrete and should slope to the drain. Roof ideal y should al ow for arboreal locomotion, i.e. mesh roof. Night quarters need to provide arboreal platforms above the head height of the keepers

Temperament: It is diurnal and arboreal, climbing trees skilfully and brachiating through the forests. Like all gibbon species, the silvery gibbon lives in pairs and stakes out territory that the pair strongly defends; it has relatively small territories. Females sing to declare their territory several times a day, and if strangers are spotted, the male screams loudly in an attempt to scare them away. The males are usually very aggressive to others.

Diet: Although gibbons easily adapt to a captive diet of fruit and vegetables balanced with animal protein a diet should not merely provide the basal nutrients but should also reflect a natural diet and possibly enhance a natural manner of feeding.

Zoos usual y feed gibbons on a mixture of fruit and vegetables either once or twice a day. Behavioural enrichment should be provided to meet levels of activity of wild counterparts and the activity patterns should broadly reflect the patterns of wild gibbons. Examples of behavioural enrichment are endless, but include: ice blocks with low joule cordial and fruit frozen inside, scatter feeds of nuts, primate pel ets and seeds, cardboard boxes with seeds hidden in straw, and low joule jam smears.

Social Needs: Silvery gibbons are found in monogamous family groups consisting of a mated pair and up to four dependent offspring. Each family occupies a territory, which is defended against conspecifics. It is not recommended to house adult same-sex pairs together as this may result in aggressive encounters. The breeding pair performs a vocal defence against conspecifics and become aggressive towards maturing same sex offspring in the family group.

Reproduction: Several zoos operate silvery gibbon breeding programs. Every three years, on average, the female births a single young, after a seven-month gestation. The offspring is nursed for about 18 months and lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about eight to ten years old.

Extra Information:
  • The silvery gibbon ranks among the most threatened primates. It is listed as Endangered on the 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the population appearing more stable than in a 2004 assessment of the species being Critically Endangered, which suggested there was a 50% chance of the silvery gibbon becoming extinct within the next decade.
  • Habitat destruction on densely populated Java continues to reduce the natural range of the species. Many gibbons are also lost to the illegal pet trade, when adults are hunted so their young can be sold in the markets as pets.
  • There are less than 2,000 silvery gibbons in the wild on eight sites that are considered to be genetically viable for the continuation of the species.
  • Mount Halimun Salak National Park sustains the largest population of ca. 1,000 gibbons. Other large populations of several hundred are found in the Gunung Ciremai National Park and Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. In the later there is a Javan Gibbon Centre that rehabilitates ex-captive gibbons.
  • Brachiation is aided by the possession of mobile wrist joints, full rotation of the upper arm, and the ability to lock elbows in suspension. Its diet consists of fruits, leaves, and flowers.


Exhibit Examples


Extra Pictures


References

Edited by Ignacio, Dec 7 2014, 01:09 AM.
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